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Introduction and Background January 19

• Langley, P. (2006). Artificial intelligence and cognitive systems (Technical Report). Computational Learning Laboratory, CSLI, Stanford University, CA.
• Langley, P. (2006). Intelligent behavior in humans and machines (Technical Report). Computational Learning Laboratory, CSLI, Stanford University, CA.

Frameworks and Metaphors for Intelligent Systems January 24

• Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1976). Computer science as empirical enquiry: Symbols and search. Communications of the ACM, 19, 113-126.

Symbolic Processing and Lisp January 26

• Hall, M. (1994). Basic Lisp overview (Course notes). Computer Science Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
• Nau, D. (2008). Introduction to Lisp (Course notes). Computer Science Department, University of Maryland, College Park.

Rules, Pattern Matching, and Unification January 31

• First exercise due.
• Langley, P., & Choi, D. (2011). Icarus user's manual (Technical Report). Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise, Palo Alto, CA. (Read Section 1.)

Deductive Reasoning February 2

• Genesereth, M. R., & Ginsberg, M. L. (1985). Logic programming. Communications of the ACM, 28, 933-941.

Abductive Inference February 7

• Leake, D. (1995). Abduction, experience and goals: A model of everyday abductive explanation. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 7, 407-428. [Read pages 1 to 13]
• Bridewell, W., & Langley, P. (2011). A computational account of everyday abductive inference. Technical report, Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise, Palo Alto, CA.
• Ng, H. T., & Mooney, R. J. (1990). On the role of coherence in abductive explanation. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 337-342). Boston: AAAI Press. [optional]

Analogical Reasoning February 9

• Second exercise due.
• Falkenhainer, B., Forbus, K., & Gentner, D. (1986). The Structure-Mapping Engine. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence.
• Sowa, J. F., & Majumdar, A. K. (2003). Analogical reasoning. In A. Aldo, W. Lex, & B. Gantner, (Eds.), Conceptual structures for knowledge creation and communication. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [optional]
• Gentner, D., & Forbus, K. (1991). MAC/FAC: A model of similarity-based retrieval. proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 504-509). Chicago: Lawrence Erlbaum. [optional]

Qualitative Reasoning and Simulation February 14

• Struss, P. (1997). Model-based and qualitative reasoning: an introduction. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 19, 355-381.
• Iwasaki, Y. (1997). Real world applications of qualitative reasoning: Introduction to the special issue. IEEE Expert: Intelligent Systems. [optional]

Decision Making and Choice February 16

• Gigerenzer, G. (2008). Why heuristics work. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 20-29.
• Wikipedia entry on decision theory.
• Tutorial on decision theory.

Reactive Control February 21

• Third exercise due.
• Horswill, I. (2008). Lightweight procedural animation with believable physical interaction. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment. Stanford CA: AAAI Press.
• Agre, P.E., & Chapman, D. (1987). Pengi: An implementation of a theory of activity. Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 268-272). Seattle: AAAI Press. [optional]

Hierarchical Control February 23

• Georgeff, M. P. and Lansky, A. L. (1987). Reactive reasoning and planning. Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 677-682). Seattle, WA: AAAI Press.
• Langley, P., & Choi, D. (2011). Icarus user's manual (Technical Report). Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise, Palo Alto, CA. (Read Section 3)

Production Systems and Cognitive Control February 28

• Young, R. M. (in press). Production systems in cognitive psychology. In N. J. Smelser & P.B. Baltes (eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Pergamon.
• Wikipedia entry on production systems.

State-Driven Problem Solving March 2

• Fourth exercise due.
• Epstein, S. L. (1999). Game playing: the next moves. Proceedings of the Sixteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 987-993). Orlando, FL: AAAI Press.
• Tella, J. (1997). Planning in games. Course report, Seminar on Knowledge Engineering, Computer Science Department, Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki, Finland. [optional]
• VanLehn, K. (1989). Problem solving and cognitive skill acquisition. In M. I. Posner (Ed.), Foundations of cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [optional]

Goal-Driven Problem Solving March 7

• Langley, P., & Choi, D. (2011). Icarus user's manual (Technical Report). Institute for the Study of Learning and Expertise, Palo Alto, CA. (Read Section 4)
• Newell, A., & Simon, H. A. (1961). GPS, a program that simulates human thought. In H. Billing (Ed.), Lernede automaten. Munich: Oldenbourg KG. Reprinted in E.A. Feigenbaum & J. Feldman (Eds.), Computers and thought. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963. (Read Sections 1 and 4)
• Minton, S., & Carbonell, J. G. (1987). Strategies for learning search control rules: An explanation-based approach. Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 228-235). Milan, Italy: Morgan Kaufmann. [optional]

Design and Creative Problem Solving March 9

• Goel, A. (1997). Design, analogy, and creativity. IEEE Expert, 12, 62-70.

Review Meeting March 21

• Practice mid-term exam
• Fifth exercise due.
• Review of Icarus programming

Structural Learning March 23

• Laird, J. E., Rosenbloom, P. S., & Newell, A. (1984). Towards chunking as a general learning mechanism. Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 188-192). Austin, TX: Morgan Kaufmann.

• Li, N., Stracuzzi, D. J., Langley, P., & Nejati, N. (2009). Learning hierarchical skills from problem solutions using means-ends analysis. Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Amsterdam.

Spatial Cognition March 28

• Forbus, K. D., Usher, J., & Chapman, V. (2004). Qualitative spatial reasoning about sketch maps. AI Magazine, 25, 61-72.
• Kuipers, B. (2008). An intellectual history of the spatial semantic heirarchy. In M. Jefferies & W. K. Yeap (Eds.), Robot and cognitive approaches to spatial mapping. Berling: Springer-Verlag. [optional]
• Gunzelmann, G., & Lyon, D. R. (2007). Mechanisms for human spatial competence. In T. Barkowsky, M. Knauff, G. Ligozat, & D. Montello (Eds.), Spatial Cognition V: Reasoning, action, interaction. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [optional]

Language Understanding and Generation March 30

• Sixth exercise due.
• Charniak, E. (1981). Six topics in search of a parser: An overview of AI language research. Proceedings of the Seventh Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1079-1087). Vancouver: Morgan Kaufmann.
• Hovy, E. (1988). Planning coherent multisentential text. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 163-169). [optional]

Dialogue Processing April 4

• Allen, J., Byron, D., Dzikovska, M,., Ferguson, G., Galescu, L., & Stent, A. (2001). Towards conversational human-computer interaction. AI Magazine, 22, 27-38.
• Wikipedia entry on Chatterbots.
• Extensive list of Chatterbots.
• Perrault, C. R., & Allen, J. (1980). A plan-based analysis of indirect speech acts. Computational Linguistics, 6. [optional]
• Allen, J. F., Miller, B. W., Ringger, E. K., & Sikorski, T. (1996). A robust system for natural spoken dialogue. Proceedings of the 1996 Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 62-70). [optional]

Dialogue and Joint Activity April 6

• Rich, C., Sidner, C., & Lesh, N. (2001). Collagen: Applying collaborative discourse theory to human-computer interaction. AI Magazine, 22, 15-25.
• Allen, J., Blaylock, N., & Ferguson, G. (2002). A problem solving model for collaborative agents. Proceedings of the Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems (pp. 774-781). Bologna, Italy: ACM Press. [optional]

Project Discussion April 11

Social Cognition April 13

• Kautz, H. A., & Allen, J. F. (1986). Generalized plan recognition. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 32-37). Philadelphia: Morgan Kaufmann.

Cognition, Affect, and Emotion April 18

• Marsella, S., Gratch, J., & Petta, P. (in press). Computational models of emotion. In Scherer, K. R., Bnziger, T., & Roesch, E. (Eds.), A blueprint for an affectively competent agent: Cross-fertilization between emotion psychology, affective neuroscience, and affective computing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Simon, H. A. (1967). Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review, 74, 29-39. [optional]
• Marinier, R., & Laird, J. (2004). Towards a comprehensive computational model of emotions and feelings. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Cognitive Modeling. Pittsburgh, PA. [optional]

Cognition and Personality April 20

• Rizzo, P., Veloso, M., Miceli, M., & Cesta, A. (1997). Personality-driven social behaviors in believable agents. Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Socially Intelligent Agents. Cambridge, MA: AAAI Press.
• Rousseau, D., & Hayes-Roth, B. (1996). Personality in synthetic agents (Report No. KSL 96-21). Knowledge Systems Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA. [optional]

Metareasoning and Metacognition April 25

• Cox, M. T. (2005). Metacognition in computation: A selected history. Proceedings of the AAAI Spring Symposium on Metacognition in Computation (pp. 1-17). Stanford, CA: AAAI Press.
• Cox, M. T. (2007). Perpetual self-aware cognitive agents. AI Magazine, 28, 32-45. [optional]

Integrated and Unified Approaches to Intelligence April 27

• Langley, P., Laird, J. E., & Rogers, S. (2009). Cognitive architectures: Research issues and challenges. Cognitive Systems Research, 10, 141-160.
• Lewis, R. (1999). Cognitive theory, Soar. [optional]
• Anderson, J. R. et al. About ACT-R. [optional]

General Review and Discussion May 2

• Course project due May 3.